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Descriptive Aspects of the Acoustic EnvironmentsKeynote sounds were used to analyze some descriptive aspects of the acoustic environments. This concept refers to sounds that are continually heard or that have a constant presence strong in the acoustic environment. To identify the keynote sounds of the eight places, the subjective test included a list of sounds, and participants were asked to indicate how dominant they perceived each one. The response options were “non-dominant”, “little dominant”, “moderately dominant”, “very dominant” and “totally dominant” and each option corresponds to values of −1, −0.5, 0, 0.5 and 1 respectively.Although the objective of this work focuses on deepening the study of contextual and semiotic aspects in management and planning processes of urban soundscapes, it was considered relevant to include an acoustic indicator to complement descriptive aspects of the acoustic environments. In this study, the equivalent continuous A-weighted sound pressure level L Aeq was used, since it is a widely sound descriptor and shows good correlations with perceptual attributes as pleasant and comfort ,. Regarding the sound pressure levels, the table shows that those with higher levels are BOFAET (75.4 dBA and keynote sound water) and BOC197 (74.6 dBA and keynote sound road traffic), while the lowest levels are from the BOPSB (51.4 dBA and keynote sound of nature) and LJPR (56.6 dBA and keynote sound of speech). It can be seen that the higher levels do not correspond only to places with keynote sound of road traffic, as well as the places with the lowest L Aeq does not correspond only to the keynote sound of nature.
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Test SitePermanency TimePossible UseStatisticsValuedfp Value (2-Sided)Valuedfp Value (2-Sided)BOAPAX 24.026(a)40.77Likelihood Ratio6.81840.77BOC197X 25.364(a)20.05Likelihood Ratio6.68220.05BOFAX 22.1.493(a)60.05Likelihood Ratio2.3.6660.051BOPLX 25.1.026(a)40.008Likelihood Ratio6.5.27540.006BOPSBX 29.0.273(a)60.094Likelihood Ratio11.1.78560.093LJFGX 27.2.646(a)60Likelihood Ratio8.340.001LJESX 26.5.736(a)60Likelihood Ratio8.26760LJPRX 22.7.942(a)60.004Likelihood Ratio2.47460.009. Contextual and Semiotic Aspects Applied to Urban Soundscapes Management, Design and Planning ProcessesThe cities are a reflex of their inhabitants and their culture, and thus different forms of expression can be found, represented by different languages. Therefore, every action potentially becomes a sign that will be deciphered by the people according to their repertoire and context.
In this sense, the city speaks, transmits information , and the sonorous language is a powerful carrier of meaning. Since the acoustic environments are the product of practices and activities developed by people, the soundscape concept constitutes another approach for relating and understanding the city. The aim thus, in processes of design, planning, and management of urban spaces, consists of designing and implementing urban acoustic environments that carry coherent information to the people in order that they assign a meaning to the signs according to space.Likewise, if a place acquires “meaning” according to its use, the “meaning” of the acoustic environment will be influenced by the Person-Place Interaction (contextual aspects). When performing an inverse exercise in design, planning and management processes, it is worth asking: what is the “Use-Meaning” of the place? This exercise involves the understanding of the semiotic process where three aspects, Place, Acoustic Environment and Soundscape, are related to the context to generate a “meaning”, that is, it implies a semiosis model applied to urban soundscape.Considering the concept of semiosis as a process of selection, organization, coordination, and structuring of the items of perception and objects of experience , depicts the core of a semiosis model adjusted for soundscapes. The model’s purpose is fed by previous findings in the fields of sound quality, semiotics, and soundscape design , where the Place, the Acoustic Environment and the Soundscape are related, with the Person as the central axis. The semiosis model is based on the general triadic model proposed by Peirce, which was adapted by Jekosch for sound quality processes.
In this adaptation, the acoustic environment is a sign carrier that represents a specific place (object), the soundscape is the result of the cognitive process developed by a person, which acquires meaning from the context (which in turn influences the city, the persons and the acoustic environments). Semiosis model for urban soundscapes.The process presented in, establishes a connection between the Place, the Acoustic environment and the resulting Soundscape, and go in the same line of previous works, that indicate the need to relate the use of the spaces to the soundscapes ,. Persons interact with places, so the acoustic environment is configured from the affordance place, the activities and practices developed. Define purpose and activities.What is the desired objective and/or meaning of the place?Define acoustic objectives according to purpose and activities.How does the acoustic environment contribute to the environmental experience and/or the meaning of the place?.What is the Person-Place relationship? (including expectations, use, and appropriation of people)?Identify listening places and listening itineraries.What activities take place in the places? ConclusionsThe recent developments on the concept of soundscape as a needed alternative in the analysis, assessment, and design of urban acoustic environments has led to new challenges, since an interdisciplinary approach is required that broadens the perspective of the environmental acoustic management.
Specifically, in this work aspects related to Person-Place Interaction and its impact on people’s responses and outcomes were studied, building a discussion based on concepts from the fields of psychology, anthropology, and semiotics.In this study, the laboratory tests showed that the responses (perceptual attributes indicating attitudes) did not generate considerable associations with respect to the Listener’s Test Site ( Person-Place Interaction). However, the outcomes (associated with the behavior = possible use) revealed associations with the Listener’s Test Site, generating two effects: (1) the association of the “place meaning” to the Possible Use and (2) the emergence of a sonorous non-place.The association of the Place Meaning to the Possible Use, as well as the relation of these aspects with the soundscapes, prove the need to carry out studies with multidisciplinary approaches in this field. In this work, in addition to considering aspects of ecological perception, acoustic environments were analyzed as carriers of meaning, which acquire meaning from contextual aspects. Under the conditions of this study, it was established that for the formation of meaning of an acoustic environment the previous experiences of the people, the activities for which that space was created, and the cultural and spatial aspects that influence the practices developed in the places must be taken into consideration.
That is, the Person-Place Interaction impacts the meaning of acoustic environments from its use.Likewise, the homogenization of places also impacts soundscapes, and if there are similar sound sources and similar site uses, the soundscapes will also be similar. This leads to the consideration of sonorous non-places, places that have no difference in their “meaning” independently of the Person-Place Interaction. Of course, it is not possible or necessary to think that all places must have a unique identity, although it is important to preserve the spaces that require so.Therefore, in processes of design, planning, and management of environmental acoustics, not only taxonomic, energetic, temporal, and spatial analysis of the acoustic environments are necessary, but a contextual and semiotic study of urban space is also required. In this sense, the analysis of the use of the place, of the people who will use the space, of the coherence between the space and the acoustic environment and the desired meaning, are key to the success of the project. When considering the soundscape as part of a semiosis process, it is important to emphasize in the interaction of the triad Place, Acoustic environment and Soundscape, the Person as the central axis.This work’s results seem to suggest the need to continue expanding the processes of management, design, and planning of urban soundscapes, by considering contextual and semiotic aspects that allow a better understanding of the environmental experience and strengthen the meaning of the places, so as to further ensure the people’s well-being.
In this way, the questions opened up in this work can complement the traditional approaches and enrich the acoustic design and management processes. These questions together with the proposed semiosis model can contribute concretely to create inputs required for such processes.Finally, urban acoustic designers have the responsibility to present coherent information between the acoustic environment and the use of the place.
This, in turn, implies defining multidisciplinary strategies that establish how and when information is generated, to help in the process of formation of meaning of the places by the listeners.